The typical values for vitals vary depending on an individual’s age, body weight, sex, and general wellness. Body temp, blood pressure, pulse (heart rate), and respiratory rate are the 4 major vital signs.
How do some disease states affect some parameters (related to ECG, BP, Spo2 and Temp & weight measurements)?
There are several disease states that affect some of the vital signs. Disease states such as cardiac diseases; the flow of blood to a section of the heart is restricted during a cardiac arrest. It can often result in a drop in blood pressure. Blood pressure and heart rate may not fluctuate much in certain individuals. There may also be a rise in blood pressure in some instances. Since any blood pressure fluctuations that may arise during a cardiac arrest are unforeseen, physicians don’t usually utilize them as a warning indicator of a heart attack. Also, cancer can affect vital signs. Differences in the vitals have been observed in people with metastasis and have been linked to imminent mortality. Blood pressure and oxygen saturation both drop significantly with time, especially in the last days of their lives [42]. It has also been noticed that people with advanced cancer lose all of their weight in their final days.
Interrelations between parameters above:
The vital signs are correlated and they have become a matter of study in recent decades, with multiple studies indicating that alterations in vitals begin many hours before a significant adverse occurrence. Vitals are used extensively in emergency rooms (EDs) and departments to classify individuals who are at danger of worsening [43].
The vital sign, blood pressure rises significantly during heart attack, because hormones like adrenaline are secreted after a heart attack. In some cases, if somebody is undergoing a heart attack, blood pressure may fall since the heart is too feeble to sustain it, or because the myocardium has been weakened.
Likewise, an Electrocardiogram can reveal signs of a previous cardiovascular event or an ongoing one. The EKG rhythms may reveal which section of the heart has been affected as well as the magnitude of harm.
Furthermore, the condition of COPD also affects more than one vital sign. COPD causes Elevated blood pressure in the arteries, that provide blood to the lungs, known as pulmonary hypertension. COPD also makes alterations in o2 and co2 concentration in the body and/or respiratory pathways. When a person’s oxygen saturation level falls below a certain level (partial pressure of o2, pO2), the system may compensate by rapidly gasping to acquire o2. The effects of COPD and its consequences can raise the heart rate too.
