As evident in the literature, RPM promises to enhance health outcomes, minimize healthcare consumption, lower costs, give rich research information, and boost doctor and patient satisfaction. RPM-capable non-invasive biosensors provide patients and doctors with actual data that has the ability to strengthen service appropriateness, medication compliance, and enhance health outcomes [3]. There are various types of remote patient monitoring. Some are discussed below:
Blood pressure monitor: This simple to use inflatable cuff squeezes your arm, and then automatically calculates the patient’s blood pressure and heart rate by sensing variations in artery movement as it flattens. This type of blood pressure monitor is designed to help individuals with heart failure improve their health outcomes and psychological well-being [4]. To calculate daily averages, certain blood pressure devices gather numerous observations. Home monitoring can aid in the early detection of illnesses that lead to high blood pressure, such as diabetes or renal disease. It can also make the delivery of healthcare less burdensome.
Pulse oximeter: These non-invasive studs are often worn on fingers or earlobes to detect light wavelengths that are used to evaluate oxygen levels in the blood. The amount of hemoglobin in oxygen-saturated blood is measured by light. A patient’s heartbeat is also taken by pulse oximeters. Others with persistent cardiac or respiratory issues, as well as individuals who augment oxygen, have been using these gadgets for years to alter their flow. The accuracy and reliability of finger pulse oximeters are relatively high. As a result, they’re very useful for diagnosing deteriorating lung function (which, these days, may prompt a COVID-19 test) [11]. Furthermore, the COVID-19 telemetry programs use pulse oximetry self-monitoring information to spare hospital capacity for individuals with serious complaints or underlying diseases [12].
Electrocardiography (ECG) devices: These gadgets, whether handheld, wearable, or patch form, can aid in the detection of cardiac rhythm. The ECG can detect arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, and ST symptoms of depression, as well as cardiac chamber anomalies and drug toxicity. With a high sample rate, the ECG gadget system records both thumb and chest Ekg. Pattern recognition-based approaches are used to examine the recordings for different arrhythmias, notable identification of AF dependent on RR-dispersion and P-waves. The gadget also has a stethoscope diaphragm that can be used to acquire heartbeats and display them as a phonocardiogram paired with an ECG, allowing for the detection of murmurs and systolic episodes [7]. Even during strength or conditioning workouts, these remote patient monitoring apparatus record electric signals from a patient’s heart and communicate them to a doctor in real-time.
Heart rate monitors: The device is made up of sensors for measuring a patient’s heart rate and body temperature and is regulated by a microprocessor. The observed data is transmitted from a remote place via wireless technology. The temperature detector monitors the temperature, while the heart rate tracker records the heartbeat for a certain period of time and determines Bpm. Both statistics are supplied to the microprocessor for broadcast to the receiving side [8]. This aids in the detection of both indicative and asymptomatic arrhythmias, and also atrial fibrillation following cardiac extirpation. They’ve also aided doctors in the diagnosis and treatment of fainting and presyncope.
Continuous glucose monitor: Continuous blood sugar monitoring is required for efficient diabetes management. The patient’s blood sample can also be used to: Evaluate medication effects, keep records of how the food and activity impact the patient’s blood glucose levels. Illustrates how blood glucose levels are affected by stress or disease. Keep track of your progress toward your treatment objectives. Also, when it’s time for a follow-up visit, it let both the patient and the physician know. The combination of CGM and remote monitoring in individuals with Type 1 diabetes who use CGM on a daily basis resulted in inconsistency of care and positive views towards the device. Patients seem to be satisfied with the use of CGM in and out of the home and believe that these devices managed to decrease their stress and worry, despite the challenges of integrating management with modern innovation [5]. CGM with wireless monitoring has the potential to resolve this problem by allowing caretakers to measure glucose levels even when the person is not under their empirical observation.
Anticoagulation testing device: Thromboembolism can occur in patients with atrial fibrillation, prosthetic heart valves, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or pulmonary embolism. Anticoagulants, such as warfarin, have a limited therapeutic scope. They may potentially interact with meals high in vitamin K as well as other drugs. Higher doses may result in hemorrhage. This is why these people need to have their blood tested on a regular basis. Further information is needed by healthcare professionals than what is collected when patients visit the laboratory every few days for a blood draw. Anticoagulation testing equipment typically needs a single drop of blood and takes approximately 60 seconds to get findings. Patients then transmit the data they’ve acquired to their doctors and wait for advice on how, to begin with, their medication. Despite advancements in treatments, hemorrhage and thromboembolic incidents are persistent problems in LVAD patients. An INR remote-monitoring (RM) device has shown effectiveness in treating hemorrhage and thrombotic sequelae and also enhancing time in the therapeutic range (TTR) [6]. Patient self-testing has been found to result in greater time being spent in the recommended window as compared to usual treatment or management in an anticoagulation center. Moreover, high or extremely low INR levels, fewer thrombotic occurrences, fewer severe hemorrhages, decreased mortality, enhanced patient quality of life, and a higher level of treatment satisfaction has been observed.
Medical alert methods: In the event of a medical emergency, there is a Remote Health Monitoring and Alert System (RHMAS). Heart problems in the older patients are connected with symptoms such as body temperature changes, hypertension, intense perspiration, an abnormal cardiac beat, etc. This remote monitoring system devises a way to combine sturdy detectors capable of detecting and tracking these signs with a microprocessor to warn family members and medical personnel in the event of an emergency [9]. These devices can even assist avoid mortality following a fall by allowing quick intervention by notifying the wearer’s physician, emergency workers, and closest caretaker or close relative.
Maternity care monitoring: Women with low-risk pregnancies tend to see their Gynecologist clinic as few times as feasible, according to research. This group of patients can gain more control over their pregnancy due to remote monitoring. This is also costly and time-consuming, with little evidence to back up the organization, rhythm, or elements of healthcare. Reduced-frequency prenatal treatment approach with novel maternity care monitoring technologies is reasonable and successful. When compared to standard prenatal care. This has led to increased patient satisfaction and decreased pregnancy stress, while also decreasing the number of physician visits and sustaining quality care for expectant mothers [10]. These digital linkages also make it possible to notify and respond to emergencies quickly.
